If reproducing diagrams that include third party information, please cite both the Africa Groundwater Atlas and the third party sources. AMCOW. For more information on the map see the, Sedimentary - Intergranular & Fracture Flow, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php/Hydrogeology_of_Cameroon, irrigation water use and requirement statistics, Groundwater in North and West Africa: Cameroon, Download a GIS shapefile of the Cameroon geology and hydrogeology map, Water Resources Management and Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) in Cameroon, Groundwater quality in Cameroon and its vulnerability to pollution, Climate, Hydrology and Water Resources in Cameroon, Water supply, sanitation and health risks in Douala 5 municipality, Cameroon, Groundwater Need Assessment - Lake Chad Basin, Effect of diffuse recharge and wastewater on groundwater contamination in Douala, Cameroon, Constructing a 3D geological model from geophysical data for groundwater modelling and management in the Kribi-Campo sedimentary sub-basin, Cameroon, http://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php?title=Hydrogeology_of_Cameroon&oldid=57918. African elephants that have become accustomed to the relentless cycles of drought in Etosha and map its water sources in their memories. Chambers One, 27 Willie van The best yields are found where fractured rocks are overlain with a thick weathered zone or thick alluvium. 1). In northeast Cameroon, the Lake Chad basin aquifer is shared with neighbouring countries. The Democratic Republic . Water and Sanitation Program. Unique social system found in famous Tsavo lions - EurekAlert! For kill data, we reported the relative contribution of each prey age class per season. The Africa Groundwater Atlas is hosted by the British Geological Survey (BGS) and includes information from third party sources. Cameroon has seen relatively high political and social stability since independence, with the same president since 1982. Kenya's Water Resources Management Authority (WRMA) is a state corporation under the Ministry of Water and Irrigation established under the Water Act 2002 and charged with being the lead agency in water resources management in the country. For each hair the cross-section and a scale pattern was photographed and identified to species level using photographic reference libraries [30][33] as well as unpublished photographic reference libraries compiled from carcass, capture and museum specimen animals in situ in Zimbabwe. Tsavo. Some groundwater in deeper aquifers contains low oxygen and corresponding high iron and even hydrogen sulphate gas (Mafany and Fandong 2006). Samples were collected during kill site investigations, air dried and stored in paper bags for later analysis. This section provides a summary of the geology of Cameroon. Thus the importance of buffalo as prey is despite dry season variations when nutrition and water deprivation weaken susceptible individuals (young and old). Here, we used a combination of the two approaches to provide the most complete description of lion diet in Hwange National Park, an approach that has already proved very useful for large carnivore diet in other systems [3][4], [38]. Faecal data, mainly representative of female diet, suggest that kudu (revealed as the second main prey for females from kill data) may be an equally important prey species for female lions and that this species may be under-represented by kill data. 2). Groundwater in the deeper confined Pliocene-Quaternary aquifer is dominated by Na-HCO. This allows conversations they can hear for 100km further than normal. Overall, relative seasonal contribution revealed that grazers, such as Suidae and zebra, contribute more to lion diet in the late dry season when these species are heavily dependent on frequent access to surface-water. This section provides a summary of the hydrogeology of the main aquifers in Cameroon. Responsibility for the construction and management of rural wells and boreholes has been transferred to communes (AMCOW 2011). Livestock agriculture and fishing are also important, and the commercial bushmeat trade is large enough to threaten wildlife. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Unconsolidated aquifers - including alluvium, marine and estuarine deposits - occur in many parts of the country, and are typically in hydraulic continuity with underlying bedrock aquifers. Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Department of Zoology, Oxford University, Tubney House, Abingdon, United Kingdom, Map developed from World Wildlife Fund HydroSHEDS; Digital Chart of the World drainage; and FAO Inland Water Bodies. The MCP method is the oldest one used among home range analysis methods ( Burt, 1943; Mohr, 1947), being the smallest convex polygon that encompasses all the lion locations, either using all the locations (MCP100%) or by first removing 5% of the outliers in the dataset (MCP95%) ( Powell, 2000 ). In neighbouring Yenga community (20 km from Mambele) where WWF also rehabilitated a stand tap, some residents cover a distance of more than 3 km to get water. The rural population largely relies on groundwater for water supply, through springs, hand dug wells, and boreholes equipped with hand pumps (Ako Ako et al. Here we investigate potential seasonality in the diet, prey preference and distribution of kills (i.e. Nasilele mubita says her family was always complaining of diarrhoea as they shared a water source. Sightings of Lion in the Hluhluwe Umfolozi vary according to various factors. The majority of the population is employed in agriculture, much of it at subsistence scale with surplus produce sold in local markets. Occasionally, falling water tables in the dry season cause a reversal of the hydraulic gradient and seawater intrusion. Cameroon's national parks are vast and the dedicated wildlife authorities and staff on the ground oftentimes lack adequate financial support and resources to carry out effective management. 1 More information on irrigation water use and requirement statistics. 3B). Y Xu and B Usher, Taylor and Francis/Balkema, Rotterdam, pp 47-55. These, and others, may also be available through the Africa Groundwater Literature Archive, Ako Ako A, Eyong GET and Nkeng GE. Nonetheless, kill investigations revealed that elephant is an important prey species, contributing 23% and 20% of biomass to male and female lion diet respectively. In Hwange, the vegetation is primarily woodland and bushland and open grassland areas are scarce but often associated with waterhole areas [49]. What are the major rivers in Cameroon? 23 Views. Samples were washed, sieved and sun dried to remove organic matter, and spread in a grid sampling tray. The Lake Chad basin contains three main geological units: a upper Quaternary-Lower Pliocene series; the Tertiary Continental Terminal; and the lower Cretaceous series of the Hamadien Continental and the Continental Intercalaire (GWP 2013). Alker M. 2008. Once biomass consumption was estimated, buffalo contributed the most to lion dietary intake (33%), followed by giraffe (20%), medium Bovidae (18%), and kudu (14%) and collectively accounting for 85% of the prey biomass consumed (Table 3). Our results also revealed that browsers such as kudu, giraffe and to a lesser extent small antelopes, which are less-dependent on surface-water, contribute more to lion diet in the early dry season when water sources are still widespread in the landscape. 2020 WWF - World Wide Fund For Nature 1986 Panda Symbol WWF World Wide Fund For Nature (formerly World Wildlife Fund) WWF is a WWF Registered Trademark Creative Commons license. Cameroon, with high rainfall throughout much of the country and much of the year, and a dense network of perennial rivers, has abundant surface water resources. WWF worked together with the communities to rehabilitate six stand taps in six communities, explains Njounan. (I accept). Copper isn't Zambia's only rich natural resource. Contrastingly during wet seasons, pools of water are more available throughout the landscape and herbivore distributions more homogeneous and dispersed. Hence, lions appear to respond to the high abundance of megaherbivores in this ecosystem. 1 being water and season. Cameroon is rich in national parks and wildlife reserves, including the Waza National Park in the north (which contains both forest and savanna animals), the Dja Faunal Reserve (a UNESCO World Heritage site), and the Campo Ma'an National Park in the southwest (which has elephants, hippos, leopards, and plenty of primates). Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. The Lake Chad Basin Aquifer System. _____ _____ abiotic factor environmental conditions biotic factor. (A) Mean distance to a waterhole for kills for the different prey species. This aquifer is not vulnerable to saline intrusion (Mafany and Fantong 2006). https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php/Hydrogeology_of_Cameroon. Climate, Hydrology and Water Resources in Cameroon. Groundwater quality is generally good. Boreholes are typically between 40 and 200 m deep. The Kenya Water Resources Management Authority shall have the following powers and functions: Dashed and dotted lines indicate mean proportions in the amalgamated kills for males and females respectively. In: Groundwater quality in Africa, ed. 2006. All necessary permits were obtained for the described field study from the appropriate agency (Zimbabwe Parks and Wildlife Management Authority, 23(1) (c) (ii) 01/20052007). Average distance-to-water revealed that lions typically kill between 1 and 4 km from a waterhole, with elephant and giraffe being the species killed most often the closest to a waterhole, and kudu and small antelopes killed the furthest away (Fig. Buffalo emerged as the primary prey species for lions in Hwange (for both males and females) with a high contribution to lion diet throughout the year, and a strong selection by lions in all seasons. We do not have to go that far anymore says Madam Ngenge Ndo Lydie, a local restaurant owner. The prey items detected were categorised similarly to the prey detected from the kills. Hence male and female data were analysed separately. Bold dashed lines indicate means. Once biomass consumption was estimated, buffalo contributed the most to lion dietary intake (58% for males and 39% for females), followed by elephant (23% for males and 20% for females) and giraffe (7% for males and 18% for females), collectively accounting for 88% and 77% of the prey biomass consumed for males and females respectively (Table 3). Where does the Cameroon River get its water? Browsers, not grazers: if you see a rhino mowing grassland, it will be a southern white. Your email address will not be published. Where multi-species classes were defined, biomass was calculated as the average mass of the species included. Water Resources Management 24(5), 871888. Cameroon: Water source sustains community, 1986 Panda Symbol WWF World Wide Fund For Nature (formerly World Wildlife Fund). Because several non-independent samples were collected at one site, we used one faecal sample only per kill site to avoid any pseuso-replication [27]. High rainfall means high potential recharge potential in much of Cameroon, except in the arid north, and the limitations on groundwater potential are therefore largely related to low aquifer storage and permeability in the basement rocks across much of the country. For female lions, kudu and to a lesser extent the group medium Bovidae are the most important secondary prey. In the 19th century, soldiers of the Fulani Empire founded the Adamawa Amirate in the north of present-day Cameroon, while various other chiefdoms held power across other parts of the country. We used to walk more than 1km to fetch water, climbing up and down a steep hill. Cameroon's location on the Atlantic coast in central Africa between latitude 2 and 13north, has a huge and diversified water resources potential. The Project was supported by the Eppley Foundation, Panthera Foundation and the kind generosity of Rivington and Joan Winant, Adrian Gardiner and the Lilian Jean Kaplan Foundation. Africa Groundwater Atlas: Hydrogeology of Cameroon. However, no significant shift in prey was revealed. As a country in Africa, Cameroon is situated just between the Central and Western Regions of Africa. UN Human Development Index (HDI) [highest = 1] (2014)*. Twelve-year-old Akoela Francis Kame and his younger brother walk one-kilometer each day to fetch water here. It is located in rural area. Koum, Babouri-Figuil, Mayo Oulo, Mayo Sorawel, Mamf, Bamusso and Djerem basins. 1. Tsavo Lion Project - Lion Conservation Fund. Jacobs index also revealed that buffalo was the most intensively selected species throughout the year. Values >0 indicate preference, values <0 suggest use but avoidance. A particularly beautiful and bountiful antelope with distinctive colouring, horns that outline a heart shape and immaculate white tummies, despite the dust. It is used to supplement the domestic and industrial water demand of Douala (Mafany and Fantong 2006). Three male and eight female lions from different coalitions and prides, instrumented with GPS Simplex and TELUS radio-collars (approximate weights: female 900 g, male 950 g; Televilt Positioning AB, Lindesberg, Sweden; see [23] for details), were studied. A pint-sized antelope, often no taller than a big coffee-table book, with a squeaky cry and a zig-zagging escape tactic. We're sorry. Performed the experiments: ZD JEH FVK. Where does the Cameroon River get its water? Marion Valeix, Affiliation: Of the 322 billion cubic meters of total available water resources, groundwater constitutes 21% (57 billion cubic meters) of this resource (Ako Ako et al. Groundwater quality in Cameroon and its vulnerability to pollution. Karoo We used data from 74 faecal samples. The Black Umfolozi River is a good area to keep an eye out for cats, there is lots to eat around the water. It is located in banakata. doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2020.004, Return to the index pages: Rural population with access to safe drinking water (%), Urban population with access to safe drinking water (%), Population affected by water related disease, Total internal renewable water resources (cubic metres/inhabitant/year), Total exploitable water resources (Million cubic metres/year), Freshwater withdrawal as% of total renewable water resources, Total renewable groundwater (Million cubic metres/year), Exploitable: Regular renewable groundwater (Million cubic metres/year), Groundwater produced internally (Million cubic metres/year), Fresh groundwater withdrawal (primary and secondary) (Million cubic metres/year), Groundwater: entering the country (total) (Million cubic metres/year), Groundwater: leaving the country to other countries (total) (Million cubic metres/year, Industrial water withdrawal (all water sources) (Million cubic metres/year), Municipal water withdrawal (all water sources) (Million cubic metres/year), Agricultural water withdrawal (all water sources) (Million cubic metres/year), Irrigation water withdrawal (all water sources), Irrigation water requirement (all water sources), Cultivated land (arable and permanent crops) (ha), Area equipped for irrigation by groundwater (ha), Area equipped for irrigation by mixed surface water and groundwater (ha). Seasonal differences in the distribution of prey consumed were tested using chi-square tests. This study revealed seasonal patterns in secondary prey consumption by female lions partly based on prey ecology with browsers, such as giraffe and kudu, mainly consumed in the early dry season, and grazers, such as zebra and suids, contributing more to female diet in the late dry season. United Nations Department of Technical Cooperation for Development and Economic Commission for Africa, Natural Resources/Water Series No. Discover a faster, simpler path to publishing in a high-quality journal. A number of agreements and cooperative activities exist between these countries (e.g Alker 2008). That was the only source of water for the entire Mambele community before WWF rehabilitated this stand tap. Lake Jipe provides water for the wildlife species in the park like the lions, elephants and among others when they are thirsty. In spite of the presence of a stand tap at the centre of the village, many villagers still rely on the water source. Like the continent includes the islands of Cape Verde, Madagascar, Mauritius, Seychelles, and thus! Water Resources in Cameroon This is the sum of renewable groundwater and renewable surface water resources (both internal and external) Renewable Water Resources 283 billion m/year Total Renewable Water Resources (2017) Water Resources per Capita 11,769 m/person/year Renewable Water per Inhabitant (2017) Water Dependency 4 % Cameroon has one of the strongest economies in sub-Saharan Africa. 1988. Our results showed that lions are opportunist hunters with prey ranging from mice to elephant. Park, Cameroon, in 2008 through an interview survey water downstream during this.! April 20, 2022 Constructing a 3D geological model from geophysical data for groundwater modelling and management in the Kribi-Campo sedimentary sub-basin, Cameroon. (B) and (C) Jacobs index of seasonal preference to kill within 2 km of a waterhole for the different prey species for male and female lions respectively. Conservation of the trees around this water source has helped to keep it flowing. 2). Here, we investigate the seasonal contribution of the different herbivore species, prey preference and distribution of kills (i.e. The lions of Botswana have the widest range of large prey species than anywhere else on the continent. Semi-arid ecosystems are characterized by seasonal variations in surface-water and vegetation resources, with several implications for herbivores, and ultimately their predators. The main rivers in the south of the country are the Ntem, Nyong, Sanaga, and Wouri, which flow southwestward or westward into the Gulf of Guinea. Marion Valeix, Prey moves between the islands and lions have to cross the water to follow. Generally sodium-bicarbonate or iron/magnesium/calcium-bicarbonate type. Some of the most mineralised groundwater is in volcanic aquifers, but the most mineralised are springs in the Mamf basin that are related to evaporites. Many springs occur. Some years back some boreholes were rehabilitated by either the local council or the community. Aggregation of vulnerable herbivores around water sources in the dry season is likely to attract predators. In contrast, analysis of faeces tends to be biased against species with less hair, such as elephants, and very large bodied prey for which the body surface/volume ratio is smaller than for smaller species [37], and hence the likelihood of predators eating hairs is smaller. _____ _____ what are the seasonal changes to these water sources? Faecal analysis revealed a higher number of species occurring in the lion diet (20 species), owing to the detection of more small prey items, unexpectedly including climbing mice (Dendromus spp.) Swakopmund, Pretoria Fish River Canyon More information on the derivation and interpretation of these statistics can be seen on the FAO Aquastat website. Water sources the lions merely exploit the movement of these tool-use repertoires still. It was not possible to quantify biomass rigorously from faecal samples, as prey age and sex were not discernible from hair remains. Borehole yields are usually 1 to 3 m/hour, in the region of the Mandara mountains, but can rarely reach 30 m/hour in places in the Kribi region, associated with large faults (UN 1988). The distance between 215 lion kills and the nearest water source was analyzed using generalized linear models. Seasonal Water Sources; Seasonal Water Sources. The Dja and Kad drain southeastward into the Congo River. Jacobss index of seasonal prey preference estimated from confirmed lion kills and faecal samples. PLOS is a nonprofit 501(c)(3) corporation, #C2354500, based in San Francisco, California, US. Availability and access to surface water resources should be considered a priority in the design and management of protected areas in dryland regions to minimize the impact of large wildlife populations on surface water quality and ensure available surface water resources are able to sustainable support both human and animal needs, they concluded. Recent advances in GPS technology has allowed non invasive carcass observations and faecal analysis to gain increasing knowledge on large mammalian carnivores diet [3], [4], and has also permitted to study the spatial distribution of kills providing important information for predator-prey relationships [5]. The source of the river is in the mountainous highlands of East African rift before it eventually drains into the Atlantic Ocean. Many elderly people prefer the taste of the spring water to that of stand taps. The river supports more than 700 species of fish, a number of which are endemic, within its various eco-regions. Kill investigation to study carnivore diet is biased towards larger species that are easier to detect using GPS data since predators will stay longer at a the kill of a larger prey animal, and using carcasses alone clearly underestimates the number of feeding events on small species, sometimes up to 50% [3], [4]. Water supply, sanitation and health risks in Douala 5 municipality, Cameroon. Mambele, situated some 800 km from the nations capital Yaounde, is one of 21 communities around Lobeke with over 23000 inhabitants. For more information on the map see the, Land Cover Map of Cameroon, from the European Space Agency GlobCover 2.3, 2009. Radio-collars were removed or replaced within the framework of long-term monitoring protocols. This page was last modified on 10 November 2022, at 14:15. Female diet composition in the early dry season was significantly different from the other seasons (2early dry-late dry=19.06, df=7, p=0.008; 2early dry-wet=20.34, df=7, p=0.005; 2late dry-wet=14.07, df=7, p=0.05). Cameroon also has a number of smaller lakes throughout the country. Whiskers indicate the range between 10% and 90% percentiles. Schedule a phone or Zoom call with one of our safari planners, Complete our travel enquiry form to connect with a safari planner. The dominant land cover in the northern lowland region is savanna scrub and grass. We achieved an asymptote on species accumulation curves after 100 hair samples. Volcanic massifs from the Adamaoua to the Atlantic. We assessed seasonal prey preference using Jacobs selection index [35]: Where r is the proportion of the total number of kills or faecal samples of a particular species and p is the proportional availability of the prey species killed. Approximately 98% of the annual rainfall occurs from October to April and the long-term annual average (calculated for the period 19182007) is 632 mm (range: 3241160 mm). Has its source in the water quality in Cameroon, the Lion Fund! Cameroon What Are The Specific Water Sources The Lions Exploit? broad scope, and wide readership a perfect fit for your research every time. Buffalo consistently emerged as the most frequently utilised prey in all seasons by both male (56%) and female (33%) lions, contributing the most to lion dietary biomass. For further information about transboundary aquifers, please see the Transboundary aquifers resources page. Please note that the areas of the layout diagrams are different for the engines types, see Fig. The largest is Lake Chad, of which 800 km2 (Little Chad phase) to 1 800 km2 (Normal Chad phase) are Cameroon territory, or 840% of the lake area, depending on the floods (Welcomme, 1979). Buffalo (the highest contribution in all seasons for both sexes) showed a constant contribution to male diet throughout the seasons, and a lower contribution to female diet in the early dry season. Jacobs indices revealed that lions of both sexes kill their prey preferentially within 2 km from a waterhole for all prey species except small antelopes (Fig. The water is usually of magnesium-carbonate type (Mafany and Fantong 2006). Imagine that thomas was asked to collect the water needed to supply only the cooking and The congo river is the world's second largest after amazon river in . As such, the regular need to access drinking water constrains the movement of herbivores, and hence their distribution in the dry season [9][12]. Namib Desert Favourable soils and climate have allowed plantation agriculture to flourish, with extensive export of cash crops, including coffee and cocoa. More information is available in the report Groundwater in North and West Africa: Cameroon (1988) (see References section, below). The former French colony won independence in 1960, and the former British colony joined with it in 1961. Prey shift might be a response to larger variations in local prey abundance, perhaps over longer periods as shown for the Kruger National Park [21], or in ecosystems where more significant variation occurs in prey abundance over shorter time scales as shown for the Serengeti [41]. View our recommended safaris for inspiration and get ready to plan your dream safari, Contact us or fill out an enquiry form and one of our travel experts will help you tailor make your perfect safari, Enjoy an authentic African experience, with peace of mind, Namibia Across-ecosystems, comparisons of large mammalian carnivore diet have now provided a good understanding of the preferred prey weight range of several carnivore species [6][8], but local studies are still needed to unravel the role of environmental factors and prey availability. Prey species proportional biomass contributing to lion diet, as detected from kills, faecal samples and observed hunts. 7 Stunning African Honeymoon Destinations. The Ministry of Water Resources and Energy / Ministere De Leau Et De Lenergie (MINEE) has responsibility for water supply and sanitation in both rural areas and towns through the Directorate of Directorate of Water (DE: Direction de lEau). We owe thanks to Wilderness Safaris, The Hide Safaris, Touch the Wild Safaris, Zimbabwe Sun international and the Gwaai ICA for permission to work on their concessions. The Gemsbok is a large African antelope with very long horns, sometimes used in defence against the Kalahari lions. "An average of 300 people depend on the water source," says Njounan Tegomo Olivier, WWF Collaborative Management Officer. The main rivers in the south of the country are the Ntem, Nyong, Sanaga, and Wouri, which flow southwestward or westward into the Gulf of Guinea. Cameroon has two major rivers, the Sanaga, the longest at about 525 km (325 miles) long and the Wouri, the largest. It was in Etosha that a study proved that elephant can communicate using infrasonic sounds; they literally 'bounce' these off a thermal inversion layer in the atmosphere. Water resources in northern Cameroon have continuously been reducing over the past years. Australian Wildlife Conservancy, Australia, Received: October 1, 2012; Accepted: December 19, 2012; Published: February 6, 2013. Lion prey species found at kills classified in 8 groups and their respective proportions relative to frequency of occurrence. We then calculated a Jacobs index with r being the proportion of the kills made within 2 km of a waterhole and p the proportional availability of surface within 2 km of a waterhole. Felix Murindagomo, Kill analysis revealed 14 different species being utilised by lions (Table 1). Bundesanstalt fr Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BGR). A complex of granites, micaschists and migmatites. Schoor Avenue, Bellville, Cape The frequency of occurrence of species in the faecal dataset was highest for kudu (24%) followed by buffalo and medium Bovidae (each representing 18%; the medium Bovidae class is dominated by sable and eland for faecal data), small antelopes (17%), and giraffe (7%) collectively contributing 84% of the species found in faecal samples (Table 2). We then converted the frequency of occurrence into biomass estimates using the average adult male and female mass (from [1], [34]). This is the equivalent of the Bima sandstone of the Upper Benue basin in Nigeria (Mafany and Fantong 2006). GWP (Global Water Partnership). The significant role played by bitcoin for businesses! 2). The distance between 215 lion kills and the nearest water source was analyzed using generalized linear models. Largely acidic groundwater, with pH from 4 to 7. Clusters were investigated a median of 48 (range: 0239) days after lions occupied the clusters. However, much of the shallow groundwater is vulnerable to contamination. What are specific water sources the Lions exploit? Further north, flows are continuous all year round, with only one peak flood (i.e., Sanaga and Wouri). Values>0 indicate preference, values<0 suggest use but avoidance. Freya Van Kesteren, The remaining species contributed less than 5% per species. An average of 300 people depend on the water source, says Njounan Tegomo Olivier, WWF Collaborative Management Officer. Groundwater in North and West Africa: Cameroon. 2009). These statistics are sourced from FAO Aquastat. German Development Institute. However, water quality in Cameroon has improved in the last decade. Sightings of lion in the hluhluwe umfolozi vary according to various factors.

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